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Recent Blogs

  • ECDSA

    What is ECDSA? ECDSA is a cryptographic algorithm used for digital signatures based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). It’s widely used in secure systems like: It’s a more efficient version of DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) using elliptic curves — providing strong security with smaller keys. 🧠 What is it used for? ECDSA is used to:…


  • Add more chips to OpenVM

    Recap the proving process in openVM: start from the test in lib.rs The new function create number of auto precompiles, and also set what type of the chip. this are all stored in config, that means, I need to check how the fields of config are used. prove_mock-> compile and prove -> compile guest, prove…


  • Compiler Concepts

    🧠 Compiler vs Interpreter: What’s the difference? Feature Compiler Interpreter What it does Translates the whole program before running Translates and runs the program line by line Output Creates an executable file (e.g., .exe) Does not produce a separate executable Speed (at runtime) Usually faster (runs native machine code) Slower (executes via interpreter at runtime)…


  • Register, RAM, SSD, STACK, HEAP

    1. Register 2. RAM (Random Access Memory) 3. SSD (Solid State Drive) Memory vs. Storage Feature RAM (Memory) SSD (Storage) Speed Very fast Slower Volatility Temporary (volatile) Permanent (persistent) Capacity GBs (small) 100s GB–TB (large) Use Running programs Storing programs/files What is an HDD? HDD stands for Hard Disk Drive — it’s a mechanical storage…


  • Trace back CLI parameters

    I want to understand: how cargo run -r –bin powdr_openvm — … works and how you can trace back CLI parameters like –input and –autoprecompiles to the source code. chatGPT said I need to check [bin] definition in Cargo.toml to get what binary will be, but there is no [bin] part in toml file 1.…


  • Precompile, chip, air, pc_lookup

    Chip initialized the AIR: It is initialized in VmExtension for PowdrExtension, in vm.rs file Remember PowdrExtension has these, if I add config, then the bus_map can pass through generate_air_proof_input is a function of PlonkChip! PC_lookup fix run this command in debug.pil I can see the pc_lookup format: it seems to have 9 arguments I can…